Psychosocial Treatment of Schizophrenia free essay sample

The early psychosocial medicines of first scene psychosis is of critical significance in the improvement of the forecast of the sickness. While guaranteeing fruitful consideration, ideal support of treatment reaction is ideal concerning better long haul results. The fitting utilization of psychotherapeutic medications to suit every individual can be a troublesome assignment as the symptoms of the drug can affect on adherence to treatment. Psycho-instruction as to ailment and medicine. The treatment of increasingly settled schizophrenia has huge contrasts contrasted with first scene psychosis. Treatment alternatives and meds can contrast as can measurements of antipsychotic drug. The point of this exposition is to talk about the contrasts between treatment of first scene psychosis and increasingly settled schizophrenia. The normal age for beginning of schizophrenia contrasts between the genders. The normal age for guys is somewhere in the range of 15 and 25 years with 39% of guys having their first scene of psychosis before the age of 19 years. We will compose a custom exposition test on Psychosocial Treatment of Schizophrenia or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Twenty-three percent of females with schizophrenia have their first scene of psychosis before the age of 19 and the normal beginning is somewhere in the range of 25 and 35 years (Gearing Charach, 2009). Outfitting and Charach (2009) express the essential purpose behind hospitalization in mental foundations is for maniacal scatters. The normal length of remain for young people is between 25 to 45 days. Perkins, Gu, Boteva and Leiberman (2005) state there are at any rate two reasons why it is critical to comprehend the causes and outcomes of untreated psychosis. Right off the bat, the time of untreated psychosis is a possibly factor prognostic factor, and understanding its connection to result could direct the best approach to upgraded helpful procedures and general wellbeing plans. Second, a relationship of term of untreated psychosis to result may demonstrate a neurodegenerative procedure thus have huge ramifications for comprehension the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Then again, the length of at first untreated psychosis might be related with the seriousness of ailment and therefore might be a marker instead of a determinant of result (Perkins, Gu, Boteva, Leiberman, 2005). Perkins et al (2005) express the chance of backslide, even with absolute recuperation from a first maniacal scene, is particularly high. Inside five years of starting treatment reaction, over 90% of these patients will encounter a backslide of crazy side effects (Perkins et al. , 2005). The significant outcomes from a meta-examination and survey by Perkins et al. discovered that a durable scene of psychosis experienced before the beginning of antipsychotic treatment is connected with less fortunate degrees of suggestive and useful recuperation from the principal insane scene. It was likewise discovered that time of at first untreated psychosis is associated with seriousness of negative indications yet not with seriousness of positive manifestations or general psychopathology at the essential clinical assessment (Perkins et al. , 2005). The choice on which antipsychotic medication to endorse first for a patient with psychosis can be troublesome as there are no unmistakable suggestions that exist for this decision (Johnsen, Kroken, Wentzel-Larsen, Jorgensen, 2010; Kumra et al. , 2007) . Second era antipsychotic drugs are generally viewed as first line operators for individuals with first scene psychosis. This depends on their capacity to reduce positive manifestations as well as negative indications of schizophrenia (Abbasi et al. , 2010; Johnsen et al. , 2010). Rosenheck (2008) discovered practically zero bit of leeway for the utilization of atypical antipsychotics when contrasted with the more seasoned normal antipsychotics, for use with patients enduring interminable schizophrenia. At the point when atypical antipsychotic drugs were contrasted with run of the mill antipsychotic drugs like moderate power perphenazine or high strength antipsychotics which were utilized in low portions or utilized with prophylactic anticholinergics, there were no preferences found (Rosenheck, 2008). Kumra et al. (2007) state there are worries about the seriousness of reactions and the absence of viability of original antipsychotics (FGAs) for use with youngsters and teenagers with first scene psychosis. This provoked a pursuit to discover a specialist which was progressively successful, was endured better and had less reactions, for use with more youthful, antipsychotic guileless, patients. Second era antipsychotics (SGAs) incorporate medications, for example, risperidone, olanzepine, quetiapine, ziprasidone and clozapine. These medications, as a class, tend to cause unfavorable engine symptoms and prolactin increment when they are contrasted with FGAs of comparable quality (Kumra et al. , 2007). Maguire (2002) states an expansion in prolactin levels can bring about genuine short and long haul issues. Transient issues incorporate sorrow, menstrual inconsistencies and sexual brokenness and long haul issues incorporate osteoporosis and diminished bone thickness. These momentary issues can be a reason for non-adherence because of the sexual brokenness and sorrow. Backslide  psychosis can happen due to non-adherence (Maguire, 2002). Different factors, for example, disabled perception, opposite reactions, and absence of understanding are totally connected with non-adherence among youngsters with psychosis. Another significant determinant of patients and families disposition toward treatment is the nature of the relationship they have with their clinicians during intense confirmation of first scene psychosis (Kumra et al, 2007). Non adherence to meds are being recognized as the other medication issue, as expressed by Robinson, Harris, Harrigan, Henry, Farrelly, Prosser, et al. 2010). Non adherence to antipsychotic prescription is related with contrary clinical results and happens in 20-56% of individuals with a first scene of psychosis (Cassidy, Rabinovitch, Schmitz, Joober, Malla, 2010). The increasing expenses related with non-adherence and resulting backslide and readmission to clinic reaches out into many billions of dollars every year (Robinson et al. , 2010). An examination by Petersen, Jeppersen, Thorup, Abel, Ohlenschaeger, Christensen et al. 2005) contrasted incorporated treatment with standard treatment with discover whether there were any constructive outcomes on clinical and social results for patients with first scene psychosis. It was discovered that the coordinated treatment upgraded clinical result and consistence to treatment. The coordinated treatment was self-assured network treatment. The treatment was given by two multidisciplinary groups and included explicit family contribution and social aptitudes preparing. It was offered to every patient for a long time. It additionally included psycho-instructive family treatment for year and a half, in a multi family bunch with two advisors. This concentrated on critical thinking and improvement of explicit aptitudes intended to support patients and families adapt to the sickness (Petersen et al. , 2005). Consistence with treatment should be related with reducing in side effects during the early period of treatment, and in this way, indication change offers a build which can be utilized to affirm various proportions of consistence.

Central Bank Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy free essay sample

Focal Bank’s Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy Page 5 Internship Report 1. Presentation The Central bank of any nation assumes an imperative job in the economy of that nation. It assumes a significant job by being Government’s bank and helps Government in smooth running of monetary undertakings by keeping up the value security in the framework. Truly, the job of the Central bank was to print cash, hold remote stores, detail money related strategy and go about as Lender of Last Resort (LOLR). The start of the 1990’s denoted the new time throughout the entire existence of focal banks’ jobs, when Reserve Bank of New Zealand was allowed the away from of keeping up the value level dependability in the economy with operational autonomy to accomplish this target. Before long Bank of Australia, England and Canada were allowed a similar self-governance. In any case, this lone target was limited with national banks of created nations, though national banks in creating nations are playing out another job and that is to help development in the economy. Creating nations’ national banks have from that point forward have moved their concentration so as to accomplish these objectives. Verifiable information of Inflation and GDP development of creating countries propose that these the two objectives have not been accomplished, whenever accomplished then their maintainability stays short. This might be because of some missing components like Central Bank’ Independence and self-governance whether in objective setting or in courses through which it accomplishes its objectives. Hence the target of the investigation is to see if SBP, in its finish of objectives is free or not? Also, is there any connection between CBI, macroeconomic factors and compelling usage of money related strategy. Area 1 spreads writing survey, segment 2 of this paper covers meaning of CBI, segment 3 of the paper clarifies how CBI is estimated; segment 4 shows connection among CBI and monetary execution and segment 5 closes the report’s primary concerns. Focal Bank’s Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy Page 6 Internship Report 2. Writing survey Cukierman, Alex, (2005) in his paper Central Bank Independence and Policy Results: Theory and Evidence has put incredible accentuation on the significant level of Central Bank Independence (CBI) and contends that it is the attractive element of any financial approach making organization. He expresses that the most significant duty of the Central Bank (CB) is to guarantee cost and budgetary steadiness and to accomplish its principle objective the bank ought to have (an) Instrument freedom, (b) bank ought not loan to government, (c) bank ought to have adequate monetary autonomy and (d) bank’s high authorities will hold posts for longer residencies and they ought not work anyplace else so as to stay away from irreconcilable situation. Creator further proceeds to clarify existing connection among CBI and monetary execution in the zones of Inflation, development, venture and genuine rates in his paper. Walsh E. Carl, (2005) in Central bank autonomy arranged for the New Palgrave Dictionary characterizes CBI as â€Å"the opportunity of money related policymakers from direct political or administrative impact in the lead of policy†. Carl in the later piece of the paper expresses that many created nations after 1980’s have allowed more prominent freedom to their money related specialists and these changes have demonstrated negative relationship among's CBI and steady and low expansion rate. On account of creating nations, he says that there exist positive connection between CB Governors’ turnover rate and swelling. Paper features that pundits of the change developments towards national bank autonomy have communicated worries that freedom can debilitate the responsibility of national banks and they ought to be directed in their objective setting and execution process. Alpanda et al. , (2009) in Political fiscal cycles and an accepted positioning of national bank autonomy express that political money related cycles are more averse to happen, in nations with autonomous national banks. CB, if autonomous can oppose political weight applied to animate the economy before decisions as expanded government spending or tax reductions. Authors further contend that cash development is bigger among nations having low CBI in political decision periods versus non political decision periods. Two factors were utilized to distinguish event of political fiscal cycles I-e M1 and political decision dates of the national chiefs. Alpanda et al. , have disregarded the acquiring limit of government as high limit of obtaining would Central Bank’s Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy Page 7 Internship Report lead to lesser requirement for contortion in money related approach. Rankings are hence gotten from the conduct of national banks during political race cycles when their autonomy is probably going to be tested or their absence of freedom is probably going to be uncovered. Siklos L. Pierre, (2008) in â€Å"Does focal bank’s autonomy despite everything matters? † says that the term â€Å"independence† characterizes the position a fiscal authority has in the condition of illicit relationships. Creator expresses that CBI has been approximately characterized to address the issues of nations, for example, turnover rate (TOR) and on opposite side it has been characterized as set of qualities that are legitimately characterized and show connection among government and CB. Creator contends that CBI isn't estimated as a solitary list however is set of dejure and defacto attributes and of those the ideal level can't be found. Four components of every trademark are chosen to pass on negative connection among CBI and expansion. Jeroen et al. , (2009) in their paper â€Å"Inflation and national bank autonomy: A metaregression analysis† expound that numerous nations allowed their money related specialists more noteworthy freedom. As per creators, to distinguish whether there is any connection among CBI and expansion, one needs a marker of the degree to which the money related specialists are autonomous from government officials. Most exact investigations utilize either a marker dependent on focal banks’ laws set up or TOR. All things considered, have lower levels of expansion. Billin, (2001) in â€Å"Central bank autonomy and monetary execution in Eastern Europe† composes that both the proportions of CBI and of money related market improvement (FMD) show critical relationship with macroeconomic factors. Next area of his paper looks at both the patterns and the financial presentation in eight Eastern European nations and the level of CBI allowed after changes. The creator contends that both CBI and FMD may encourage advertise changes by assisting with authorizing monetary and budgetary control. Author’s experimental request by means of connection examination recommends positive relationship of both CBI and FMD with value security. Jose De Gregorio in his introduction on Central Bank Independence and the Effects of Monetary Policy (2005) says that legitimate CBI is adversely associated with expansion in Eastern European and Latin American nations. Besides, he proceeds to state that lawful Central Bank’s Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy Page 8 Internship Report autonomy is precondition to pick up believability in nations where expansion records are poor for autonomous working of the CB. He finishes up on the point that restricted go through of conversion standard to import costs and full scale monetary execution is emphatically connected to CBI. Jacome et al. , in their paper â€Å"Any Link Between Legal Central Bank Independence and Inflation† Evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean† (2005) have attempted to discover negative connection between legitimate CBI and expansion. They have utilized various proportions of legitimate CBI like the standards for the arrangement of focal banks’ directorate, the level of CBI in the lead of conversion standard approach, rules administering Lender-of-Last-Resort (LOLR) offices and lawful necessities on responsibility and straightforwardness and the outcomes show negative connection between lawful CBI and swelling in the wake of controlling for global expansion, banking emergencies, and trade systems in the inspected nations. Focal Bank’s Independence and Implementation of Monetary Policy Page 9 Internship Report 3. Characterizing Central Bank Independence Defining the idea of Central Bank’s Independence (CBI) is a precarious activity. It is by all accounts an unambiguously characterized idea now, since we as creators wind up characterizing our own comprehension of it. Huge measure of work has been done to contend that high CBI is straightforwardly identified with the drawn out monetary execution. The crude work on the meaning of CBI was done in 1824 by David Ricardo who accentuated on issuance of the money by Commission chose by government and correspondence impediments between them on the issue of loaning cash to the state. The promoters of the high CBI all through the world are seen as on the regular grounds I-e they all consent to it that if national bank isn't autonomous government officials can manhandle the influence of printing cash and this is the way they can twist the expansion and yield level in the economy so as to acquire political additions, though national bank is viewed as assuming job to the greatest advantage of the general public. It is likewise viewed as that there might be no single and right meaning of CBI, however when all is said in done it is characterized inside two variables/parts of the autonomy; Independence of goals and Independence of instruments. Freedom of destinations alludes to the self-sufficiency national bank has in defining its own objectives whether that can be of expansion targets, cash flexibly, conversion scale the executives or others. Autonomy of instruments alludes to how much national bank has freedom in deciding the most ideal approaches to accomplish its p

Supplement Strategies for College Applications TKG

Supplement Strategies for College Applications The odds of you getting into a school where you don’t fall into the range for GPA or scores is slim. But if you’re on the cusp, having great essays can tip the odds in your favor. They are an absolutely crucial part of the application and something we are very rigorous with in helping our own students. In this post, we discuss strategies for writing killer supplements. Focus The key to success here is to be extremely focused. If you don’t focus, you’re going to go all over the place. So, do yourself a favor and take a moment to meditate on what you want to write before you begin. Your goal in the supplement should be to develop a very clear picture of who you are. That may sound absurd. You’ve lived 17 or-so-years of life. How are you supposed to fit all of that into one essay? The answer is, you don’t need to. But you do need to leave the reader (the admissions team) with a very crisp understanding of some part about you. More on that below. You do that by focusing in on specific attributes within your persona and painting a picture through details. Let your personality shine Imagine you are entering the dating world. In high school, finding a match doesn’t usually consist of one single effort. In other words, there are a lot of different things you look at in a person when determining whether or not you want to date them. You might look at their Instagram account, talk to some of your mutual friends about what they like, or perhaps you developed an affinity after you saw them play in a sports game or sing in a recital. Maybe you even pay close attention to the music they blast from their car in the school parking lot or admire what they say in class.  The college application process is not unlike dating. You compile an entire portfolioâ€"your GPA, grades, resume, essay, perhaps an interview, among other elementsâ€"and basically tell a school that you have a crush on that you’re interested, then wait a while with the hopes that they’ll recip rocate. The thing is, all of those elements in your portfolio tell a story about you. In the crush analogy, it’s not just that you like how a guy’s hair looks on Instagram or the fact that he’s on the soccer team that pulls you in. You noticed that he hangs out with a lot of different types of people in photos; he’s a people person and he’s a leader on the soccer field. Imagine that the admissions committee is deducing parts of your character from your application and your essay is, perhaps, the biggest opportunity to showcase your personality.  The ‘why this school’ essay  There are two types of supplement essays.  There’s the “why do you want to go here?” essay and then, there’s the “creative” essay. For both, you need to be incredibly laser focused on your end goal, which is different, depending on which essay you’re writing. For the “why do you want to go here?” essay, you must demonstrate a legitimate interest in the school. In order to do this , you need to take a deep-dive. Research the school to a borderline obsessive-point. And hey, if you’re genuinely interested, this part will be fun. Just like you’re probably stalking your crush all over social media, you should be stalking your school (in a healthy way!), too. The first thing you must do is pick a major. One note: your essay is not binding. You can declare an “undecided” major once you get there, but for the application’s sake, you know exactly what you want to pursue. Remember, that’s part of staying laser focused. Your academic interest shouldn’t be out of left-field, either. It should be an extension of an expertise you’ve already developed, and an interest you’ve already demonstrated throughout high school. Identify the professors and classes taught within that corresponding major. In your essay, make sure to connect the dots and talk, very specifically, about why you want to pursue that area of study and why you’re a great candidate who is already on track within that academic disciple. You can tie in related clubs and activities at the university, as well, and speak briefly about your own leadership experience or experience with relevant internships. Just don’t spend a ton of time regurgitating the information that’s already on your resume. You should also be demonstrating parts of your personality throughout. Remember, stay focused. We will repeat that over and over again until it gets in your head. You’re going to want to identify a few adjectives or soft skills that pertain to you and weave them into your essay. A bit more about that in a moment.  The creative essay The other essay option is the dreaded “creative” essay. This takes different forms at different universities, but the gist is basically “show us how you’re creative.” A lot of students feel the pressure with this one, but it really should be fun. It’s not just a BS creative essay, either. The thing is, the objective should be the sam e in the creative essay as it is in the “why x school” essay. What we do with our kids is map out personality traits through adjectives and soft skills and then try to put all of those traits into various essay, just as in the essay prompt above. The reason why is because you always want to be introducing new information to the admissions officers.  If you have taken all STEM classes in high schools and taken the STEM-related SAT IIs, then don’t write a creative essay about being a STEM kid. That’s already clear in the rest of your application. Instead, draw from aspects of you they committee doesn’t know yet. People tend to fall short here. Now, pick a creative form as the vehicle for talking about your personality traits. Tell a story So, once you’ve identified what you want the admissions committee to know about you, you should then figure out how you’re going to do it. No matter the length, your essay should always be a story. That means it has a clear structure wi th a beginning, middle, and end. Think of a story in your life that conveys one or more of your personality traits. The trick is really to keep it simple. It doesn’t need to be (or actually shouldn’t be) some major, life-altering, existential story. You can even talk about your drive to school. Just keep it simple  Answer the question. (No, really) One other really important thing to note is that you must answer the question. That probably seems like a ridiculously obvious point to make, but believe us when we say we’ve seen it all. In fact, one of our students was given a supplement that prompted her to talk about her past two summers in 200 words or less. So, instead of answering the prompt, she only talked about the most recent summer. When we asked her about her choice, she replied that the school didn’t give her enough room. Here’s the thing. Failing to answer the prompt shows up as either arrogance or laziness. It says to the school you either weren’t paying atten tion, or that you know how to ask their questions better than they do. Operating out of either laziness or arrogance are really easy ways to get rejected. Get organized  Students who sign-up for our A to Z Package  get super organized. What we do is go through every supplement and group them together in a Google doc. One reason we do this is because organization diffuses stress, and it also prevents careless mistakes. Another reason we do this is because we don’t like to reinvent the wheel. You may actually be able to use parts of your supplement for one school for an entirely different application. This doesn’t mean write the “Why Penn” supplement, change the word “Penn” to “Michigan” and submit it to Michigan, too. It just means that both are about why you want to go somewhere in 500 words or less, and both should talk about your personality. Also, if you’re applying to Wharton and you’re applying to Ross, there are going to be some similar things that you’ re attracted to those schools. So, feel free to reuse your own frameworks. It just takes organization. There’s also something really nice about seeing all of the work you have in front of you in one place. That way, when you begin to chip away, you have a sense of knowing how far you have left to go and can feel proud of all you’ve checked off of your to-do list. One thing: while you can totally double-up on some info. from supplement-to-supplement, do not make the mistake of writing “why I want to go Tufts” for Barnard. You will get rejected. Need help identifying the personality traits you’d like to flesh out in your essays? Reach out to us here. We’re great at helping students articulate why they are great candidates for their top-choice schools.

Deciding to Licence or Assign When Selling a Patent

After youve brought your new idea to full fruition, youve invented it; and after youve gotten your intellectual property protection, youve patented it. Like most independent inventors, the next task at hand will be commercializing your product, you make money from it. If the following conditions apply to you: You have decided for a variety of reasons that you shouldnt be the one to manufacture, market, and distribute your invention yourself, you invented a better mousetrap but you dont want to go into the mousetrap business.You were/are not an employee and your invention was/is not automatically assigned to your employer as specified in your contract. There are two common ways to profit from your patent: licensing and assignment. Lets take a look at the differences between the two and help you decide which path is better for you. The Licensing Route Licensing involves a legal written contract where you the owner of the patent are the licensor, who grants rights to your patent to a licensee, the person that wants to license your patent. Those rights can include: the right to use your invention, or copy and sell your invention. When licensing you can also write performance obligations into the contract, for example, you dont want your invention to just sit on the shelf so you can include a clause that your invention must be brought to market within a certain amount of time. Licensing can be an exclusive or non-exclusive contract. You can determine how long the licensing contract will be in effect. Licensing is revocable by a breach of contract, by preset time limits, or by a failure to meet performance obligations. The Assignment Route Assignment is the irrevocable and permanent sale and transfer of ownership of a patent by the assignor (thats you) to the assignee. Assignment means that you will no longer ever have any rights to your patent. Typically its a one-time lump sum total sale of your patent. How The Money Rolls In - Royalties, Lump Sum With licensing your contract can stipulate a one-time payment or/and that you receive royalties from the licensee. These royalties usually last up until your patent expires, that could be twenty years that you receive a small percentage of the profits from each product that is sold. The average royalty is about 3% of the wholesale price of the product, and that percentage can commonly range from 2% to 10%, and in very rare cases up to 25%. It really depends on what kind of invention you have made, for example; a brilliant piece of software for an application with a foreseeable market can easily command double-digit royalties. On the other hand, the inventor of the flip-top drink can is one of the richest inventors in the world, whose royalty rate was only a tiny percentage. With assignments you can also receive royalties, however, lump-sum payments are much more common (and bigger) with assignments. It should be pointed out that because licensing is revocable when someone doesnt pay you your royalties thats a breach of contract, and you can cancel the contract and take away their rights to use your invention. You would not have the same weight with assignments because they are irrevocable. So in most cases, it is better to go the licensing route when royalties are involved. So which is better, royalties or a lump sum? Well consider the following: how ​novel is your invention, how much competition does your invention have and how likely is it that a similar product will hit the market? Could there be a technical or regulatory failure? How successful is the licensee? If there are no sales, ten percent of nothing is nothing. All the risks (and benefits) involved with royalties are avoided with a lump sum payment, and with assignments, that lump sum payment you receive, you never have to refund. However, negotiations for a lump sum payment do acknowledge the fact that the buyer is paying more upfront because they are assuming more risks to gain themselves a greater profit in the long run. Deciding Between Assignment or Licensing Royalties should be the main consideration when deciding between licensing or assignment. If you choose to receive royalties, choose licensing. If you want the capital that the best lump sum payment will bring you choose assignment. Are you in debt from your invention project? Would the money advance other projects and erase your debts? Or is your invention ready for commercialization, ready to make and sell, and you have determined that sales would be good and that you want royalties, then licensing is probably the better choice for you.

At The Dark End Of The Street - 1496 Words

â€Å"At the Dark End of the Street,† is a novel that takes back to the terrifying experience Recy Taylor had in Abbeville, Alabama. Taylor was gang-raped by six white men in the 1940s. This scene immediately shows readers the civil rights movement during the 20th century and how important it was in understanding what was happening. Danielle McGuire is the author of â€Å"At the Dark End of the Street,† which was published in 2010. However, â€Å"This Nonviolent Stuff’ll Get You Killed,† is a novel that focuses on King’s protection during the Montgomery bus boycott that took place in Montgomery, Alabama. Charles E. Cobb is the author of â€Å"This Nonviolent Stuff’ll Get You Killed,† and was published in 2014. Both of these novels focus their points on different and similar aspects of the civil rights movement. When Cobb wrote â€Å"This Nonviolent Stuff’ll Get You Killed,† he focuses on the protection African Americans n eeded in order to not get killed completing everyday tasks, like going grocery shopping. Even on public transportation, civil rights activist felt threatened to the point of bringing weapons and concealing them on their personnel. Even though both novels take place during different times of the Civil Rights Movement they both show the similar hardships important figures played during this movement. Rosa Parks is remembered by her valiant attempt to deny moving to the back of the bus. Even though she denied to relocate on the Montgomery bus, she was still forced to take a seat inShow MoreRelatedAt the Dark End of the Street by Danielle L. McGuire668 Words   |  3 Pageseducated about the horrific events that these women went through without justice. It is also essential because it shows the amazing activism Rosa Parks took part in. Most people are often just taught about Parks’ actions on the bus. At the Dark End of the Street by Danielle L. McGuire shows how Rosa Parks and many other dedicated their lives to receive equality not only for themselves, but for all African Americans in the south. Danielle L. McGuire’s work is an amazing way for people to not only learnRead MoreAnalysis Of James Joyce s Araby955 Words   |  4 Pagesneighborhood and its surroundings. He uses dark and cold references when referring to his surroundings and mood, but light and happy remarks when pertaining to Mangan’s sister. He tends to use the settings as a way to demonstrate that. Firstly, he describes the street as â€Å"being blind† (107) and from that he gives us the impression that he is not happy about where he lives, and the manner in which the neighborhood is. He refers to the street as a dead end. He is not the typical teenager who is excitedRead MoreJames Joyce - Araby Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pages On its simplest level, Araby is a story about a boys first love. On a deeper level, it is a story about the world he lives in that is full of ideals and dreams. Araby is a story of initiation, of a boys quest for the ideal where the quest ends in failure, but results in an inner awareness and a first step into manhood. The protagonist of the story lives through a particular sort of experience which reformulates him into a different person. He faces up the harsh reality for which his previousRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story Araby 896 Words   |  4 Pageslife. This is done by using dark and sombre as adjectives and also not using color. Except, when Mangan’s sister (protagonist’s crush) is being described in the story. This when Joyce decides to use abundance of color to help create a contrast between the girl and the rest of the world. The author throughout the story persists on painting the setting of the story to be dark or even unseeing, dirty and miserable. Joyce does this by the colors he employs to describe the street. This is obvious in theRead MoreNaturalism Movement in Literature1329 Words   |  5 Pagesmovement is Maggie: A Girl of the Streets by Stephen Crane. From there a short story of that time is â€Å"A Dark Brown Dog† by Stephen Crane. Then there is always a poem. One that is named â€Å"The Way of War† by Jack London. All these stories capture the idea of someone’s experience in life. Showing that hard times can make or break a person. They are able to create that through imagery, irony, foreshadowing, and personification. Through out Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, Crane uses one of the literaryRead MoreNew York City Of New Jersey849 Words   |  4 Pages In this town, on Spring Street, residences have blooming front lawns filled with different flowers and plants. With a street named Spring and a town named Bloomfield, it is no coincidence that Spring Street and its town is filled with such an array of color. However, although Spring Street is filled with lively landscapes, most of the houses are white or tan which match and blend in with one another. With the exception of one— the house located on 91 North Spring Street. This cap cod stands outRead MoreInterpretive Questions for Araby by James Joyce Essay1049 Words   |  5 Pagesdesolate and the adults as cold. There is a lifelessness that surrounds the boy: â€Å"musty†¦. waste littered†¦ somber houses†¦ cold†¦. †¦ silent street†¦ dark muddy lanes.† Adults are ghosts: â€Å"the boys are surrounded b y â€Å"shades of people† whose houses â€Å"gazed at one another with brown imperturbable faces.† Joyce evokes an image of the Irish soul as cold and the street as uninhabited and detached, with the houses personified and more alive than its residents. 2. One allusion is the reference to â€Å"Araby†Read More##burys Excerpt InDandelion Wind, By Ray Bradbury735 Words   |  3 Pagesthe passage, the rhetorical devices being used to show a dark, mysterious mood have increased. In particular, lines 35 through 39, provide mysterious diction. The sentence says Up to the dark spiral stairs...and in this sorcerers tower, sleep with thunders and visions...and perform his ritual magic. Diction is used in the semantic field of mystery throughout the middle section of the excerpt. He uses specific choice of words like Dark, Sorcerer and Visions to provide a sense of wonder andRead MoreEssay about Dark Dublin1205 Words   |  5 PagesDark Dublin James Joyce’s, Dubliners is made up of short stories that depict the lives of people in Dublin during the early 1900’s. At this point in history, Ireland was going through a time of distress. The author writes about this time through his stories and characters in the stories â€Å"Counterparts,† â€Å"Ivy Day in the Committee Room,† and â€Å"The Dead.† In these three accounts, Joyce uses theRead MoreLight and Dark Symbolism Illustrated in Joyces Araby Essay661 Words   |  3 PagesSince symbolism first began to be used in the English language, Light has always represented a theme of hope and optimism. The phrase â€Å"Light at the end of the tunnel† best encompasses this, implying an opportunity or relief after difficulty or chaos. In the same way, Darkness has represented confusion or despair. James Joyce expands on the traditional connotations of Light and Darkness in his short story â€Å"Araby†. The narrative follow s a young boy on his futile quest to find love with a girl much

Homosexuality From A Biological Perspective - 1118 Words

Homosexuality from a Biological Perspective Justice X. Johnson Angelo State University Abstract Homosexuality has been around for centuries, maybe even since the beginning of human existence. Many individuals question why some people are gay and why others are not. Those that question humanity ask what exactly makes a person become attracted to the same sex and whether or not it is nature or nurture. There are three points to argue that homosexuality is natural and not by choice. Hormonal changes during pregnancy can alter the unborn child’s sexual preference even before delivery. Some professionals believe brain physicality also has a role to play in homosexuality. With a look even further into the brain, DNA was also found to potentially play a factor in sexual orientation due to the alteration in epi-markers which result in homosexuality. Homosexuality is most commonly described as being physically, or sexually attracted to the same sex. Varying from person to person, some people believe homosexuality is natural and others say it is a choice to be made. Homosexuality is not a choice, it is natural and it is caused by hormonal changes, DNA epi-mark alterations, and brain physicality. Studies completed in universities around the world like Mercer, and Cambridge have helped strengthen the case of homosexuality being natural. Dr. W. J. Jenkins of Mercer University suggests that maternal stress during pregnancy could lead to homosexuality. MoreShow MoreRelatedTheories of Homosexuality849 Words   |  4 PagesTheories of Homosexuality Through the biological perspective of deviance, sociologists have linked homosexuality to hormones, genes and the brain (Taylor, Thio Schwartz, 2013). Hormonal theory does not describe a cause of homosexuality. Genetic Theory describes the cause of homosexuality as people being born gay. The brain theory is much more in depth about the cause of homosexuality. It states that the size of a person’s hypothalamus will cause them to be homosexual or not. Gay’s hypothalamusesRead MoreHomosexuality : What Causes Homosexuality?1404 Words   |  6 PagesCharizma Bush What causes homosexuality? During my abnormal psychology section in class something that stuck out to me was how homosexuality used to be a diagnosed disorder which is fascinating to me. Also the fact that sexual orientation is on a scale from 100% heterosexual to 100% homosexual and no one is fully either one. Knowing this I thought about the new national same-sex marriage law and how it brought up a lot of controversy recently that has been a struggle for years and years. There areRead MoreThe Biological Perspective On Homosexuality Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pagescan be led by many factors. Many may believe that feelings and emotions play a role, but could it be our genetic make-up determines our life partner? It is widely favored that homosexuality stems from one’s environment and the people around them. Although less favored, the theory that genetics plays a role in homosexuality is concrete. In agreeance, Heffner Johnson (2003) states the hypothalamus, a highly significant region of the brain, p lays a role in sexuality. This theory is supported by evidenceRead MorePsychology And Science Of A Heterosexual And Homosexual Man Through The Course Of Nature Vs. Nurture1168 Words   |  5 Pagesstudies; Simon LeVay, Roselli, Hamers, Sanders, Hansen. The perception of whether homosexuality conforms to the course of nature vs. nurture can influence the amount of scrutiny judged upon affected individuals. So, the purpose of this extended essay is to answer the research question of to what extent is there a biological basis with neurological structurally, genetically, hormonally, and prenatally behind male homosexuality and how an individual’s perception of this fact influences their behavior towardsRead MoreEssay about The Homosexual Brain?1502 Words   |  7 PagesQuayle said that homosexuality is more of a choice than a biological situation...It is a wrong choice. (1). Quayles statement counters the sentiment of many homosexuals that their sexual orientation is neither a lifestyle nor a personal choice, it is innate and unchangeable (2) . Is homosexuality a choice or does sexual preference have a biological basis? This question is at the forefront of academic, scientific, political, legal and media consciousness (3). The debate over homosexuality has influencedRead MoreHomosexuality As A Psychological Disorder1511 Words   |  7 PagesThe social argument for homosexuality dates back to the ancient Greeks. Aristophanes, in his Symposium investigates homosexuality, although not termed as such, as a desire by men to share a long-term fulfillment of the soul. He believed that two souls are longing to be together, and the sexual desire alone is not strong enough to create homosexuality, but that the cultural environment allows or forbids the relationship to occur (Heffner, 2003). The debate about homosexuality dates back further thanRead MoreNo One Is Born Gay Or Straight, By Jane Ward843 Words   |  4 Pagesmembers from the Human Rights Campaign arg uably told Herman Cain that being gay is not a choice. The advocacy group wants people to realize that sexual orientation can be affected in other ways. For instance, Cynthia Nixon commented that she decided to have relationships with women, but when the advocacy groups started to pressure her, she changed her statement and said that she was probably born with other sexual desires. Researchers tend to believe that science can prove that biological factorsRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Psychodynamic Approaches, Trait, Learning, Biological And Evolutionary, And Humanistic Approaches1279 Words   |  6 Pagespersonality. This includes subjects of Psychodynamic Approaches, Trait, Learning, Biological and Evolutionary, and Humanistic Approaches. The second subject discussed is how binge eating becomes the abnormal behavior or the eating disorder called Bulimia Nervosa. How there are other abnormal behaviors associated with the disorder as well. The last subject discussed is homosexuality in terms whenever it was taken from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Assignment 6.1 TheRead MoreEssay about Sexual Orientation1077 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidered highly controversial in our world today. There are many issues that society is faced with concerning homosexuality. When thinking of homosexuality most people refer to the Bible for an answer. There is even more controversy within the Bible’s text. Not only is there reference to the Bible, but also to our mind to answer whether or not homosexuality is a moral issue. Psychological and Biological research is searching for an answer to this illustrious area of confusion. According to Shakuntala DelviRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal And The Normalization Of Homosexuality1422 Words   |  6 Pagesmarriage. However despite gay marriage becoming legal and the normalization of homosexuality, the LGBQT community continues to face scrutiny over their lifestyle. I will be talking about the various conflicts the community faced in the past and continues to face in the present. And the various sociological concepts that links as to why homosexuality is seen by society as deviance , such as the Functionalist perspective and Socialization. According to the American Psychological Association, the

Statistics and Business Research Socio Economic Products

Question: Describe about the Statistics and Business Research for Socio Economic Products. Answer: Introduction This research study has highlighted the impact of socio economic differences for the purchasing of products in the Australian market. As per the statement of Pechey et al. (2013), socio economic differences within an organization arise due to the misunderstanding or miscommunication between the consumers and the employees or between the inter employees of the organization. In this purpose, the researcher has considered the socio economic differences as the independent variable and the purchasing of products is the dependent variable (Dinsa et al. 2012). On the other hand, it can be mentioned that different theories and reliable models will be discussed in this study. These models and theories will effectively increase the knowledge of the study of the research. The models and the theories will be beneficial to estimate the impact of the socio economic differences on the purchasing of products. Socio economic factors: As per the statement of Chitnis et al. (2014), attitudes are the undesirable or the desirable estimation that reflect the behaviour of the consumers. In this connection, it can be stated that attitudes affect the intentions. In addition, it can be stated that attitudes reflect the intentions, higher the desirable attitude, greater will be the intention, which is required to carry out. Howe et al. (2012) opined that attitude is the key factor, which has a greater impact on the buying decision. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that the attitudes are connected with the people and the surroundings. According to Blum (2013), it can be stated that positive attitudes of the people will positively reflect to the surrounding people. In addition, impact of the socio economic differences on the purchasing of goods is also depending upon the connection between the subjective norms and the attitudes of the consumers (Handbury, Rahkovsky and Schnell 2015). In order to make a business successful, socio economic difference between the employees and the consumers will mitigate. It will be reduced by the development of the trust and the rapport with the consumers. As a result, it can be mentioned that greater communication skill between the organizational authority and the consumers can reduce the socio economic differences. In this purpose, Galama and Van Kippersluis (2015) added that the consumers are willing to purchase the products from that organization. The productivity of the company will be effectively increased. Socio economic disparities can be prevented when communication style and the behavior of the employees is required to improve. Global socio economic disparity: Figure : Global socio economic disparity (Source: Pickett and Wilkinson 2015) The above figure depicted the influential factors, which reflects the socio economic differences. By identifying these factors, an organization can mitigate this disparity. These factors can be discussed briefly in the following: Higher production rate and the cheaper labor markets: According to Blum (2013), cheap labor market highlights to increase the rate of production. Nevertheless, due to the precarious employment, there is a weaker purchasing power and the manufacturing goods and services will be hampered. The smaller groups of the domestic customers provide these goods and the services. This particular economic scenario will attract the foreign investors. As per the statement of Vijayanand (2012), due to the lower rate of the domestic labors, the foreign will be attracted. As a result, it can be mentioned that the socio economic disparity will increase. Higher consumption rate and the over market consumption: According to Howe et al. (2012), it can be stated that a larger proportion of manufacturing goods and the services in the cheaper labor countries will be exported to the excessive consumption nations. As a result, this will generate a vicious circle, with which the international consumption will be concentrated within a fewer markets. This purchasing behavior of wages within the consumer nations will continue to increase. On the other hand, the purchasing power of the wages in the cheaper labor nations will constantly fall or remain unchanged. Lower rate of consumption and the under consumption markets: In the words of Handbury, Rahkovsky and Schnell (2015), under consumption is directly related with the economic policies, which aimed to encourage the cheaper labor market. This situation may arise due to the inadequate consumer demand. In addition, it can be mentioned that sometimes the workers are paid lower wages compared to the production. As a result, their willingness towards the productivity will reduce. Hence, the productivity of the organization will be deceased. This will in turn reflect the consumption pattern of the consumers. Global socio economic disparity and the global consumption disparity: This section has tried to highlight that there is a disparity in the income level and the level of consumption. On the other hand, Galama and Van Kippersluis (2015), added that the smaller portion of the overall population would consume a larger percentage of the worlds resources. Therefore, the greater percentage of the overall population is belonging under the minimum consumption level. Therefore, this research study has demonstrated the concept of over consumption and the under consumption in order to identify the impact of the socio economic differences. Due to the limited resources in the global market, the organization will not be able to produce higher productivity. According to the statement of Pickett and Wilkinson (2015), it is required to reduce he socio economic gap between the employees and the consumers. In this connection, the employees require to communicate with the customers, so that the employees will be able to understand the requirement of them. With the help of the satisfactory relationship, the performance of a business can be improved. The productivity of the organization will also be increased. In addition, Blum (2013), opined that consumers would maintain a long-term relationship with the organization. As a result, it can be inferred that the consumer loyalty towards the company will be maintained. Nonetheless, misunderstanding between the co nsumers and the employees will reflect to distrust as well as poor morale. Therefore, it can be concluded that socio economic gap is not good for a company. Gantt chart using the three milestones Literature Review is due on Week 6. Data Collection and Analysis Report are due on Week 10. Final Business Research (Capstone) Thesis is due on week 14. Figure: Gantt Chart using three milestones (Source: created by author) Data collection and analysis method The aim of the research is to find an impact of socio economic differences on the consumers choice of purchasing the products or consuming the services in an Australian Market. The researcher has chosen Virgin Airlines to evaluate and find the issues that the organizations face due to the socio-economic differences. Data collection is a method through which data is collection upon which a finding is based. The researcher has used descriptive approach to analyze the data. The research is not based on case study but the research uses a descriptive approach. Two types of data collection process are qualitative and quantitative procedure (Creswell 2013). For this particular, research the researcher uses quantitative process for collecting the data. Quantitative data is collected for the numerical analysis of the observation. The researcher uses quantitative data collection as the research is observational and descriptive in nature. Quantitative data is used to test the hypothesis that is derived from the theory. The data collection procedure depends on the research questions. The quantitative data can be collected using various methods such as experiments, observations, interview, questionnaires and surveys. Since the research is descriptive in nature, the author uses the methods of questionnaires and surveys to collect the data (Bryman 2015). The data is collected by preparing a questionnaire that is then surveyed online and through interview process by the researcher. The questionnaire is prepared for the managers of Virgin Airlines, its employees and customers. The questionnaire is based on the semi-structured pattern that was based on clustered samples. The questionnaire contains both an open-ended questions and close ended questions. The close-ended questions are for the employees and managers of the organization that is answered in descriptive format. It contains five questions that are surveyed from employees and managers of the Virgin Airlines. The questionnaire is surveyed using interview method and the researcher himself conducts the interview. The total number of employees that are surveyed accounts to 10. Open-ended questions are prepared for the consumers of Virgin airlines. The questionnaire depends on demography such as age, sex, religion and questions based on consumer choice and factors affecting their buy ing behavior. The total numbers of consumers that are surveyed are 50 (Weber 2015). The questionnaire prepared is published online and survey via internet. It is done analyze the socio economic problems and the impact of the socio economic differences on the purchasing decision of consumers. The questionnaire is prepared to analyze the psychological view of the customers. It is done to analyze the methods used by the managers and employees to solve the socio economic issues and problems. The inquiry made was tested on a sample of clustered sampling from the business organization and after that following a convenience sampling so that any person can answer the questionnaires (Saaty and Vargas 2013). Hence, the researcher uses quantitative method to collect the data for this particular research. Quantitative method of data collection is more cost effective than the qualitative researcher it is also less time consuming and hence the researcher uses quantitative data collection method. The two types of data are primary data and secondary data. The researcher relies on primary sources of data for its research that is collected by preparing questionnaires from the primary sources. Here, the primary sources include the managers, employees and consumers. Primary data is the data that is collected by the researcher on its own from the valid sources. It is essential for the researcher to ensure that the data is collected from valid sources where the researcher can rely on the data (Mertens 2014). Data analysis The next step after data collection is the data analysis method. The data that is collected is analyzed using statistical tools to obtain a result on the socio economic problems and its impact on the purchasing decision of consumers in Australian organization. The researcher uses Virgin Airlines to analyze and the issue. Testing the hypothesis is essential that is tested using the statistical tool. The data that is collected is plotted on an excel file to obtain the histograms and bar graphs through which the data is analyzed. In this case, the researcher uses p-test and z-test to conclude as to accept the hypothesis or to reject it. The researcher uses the simple random sampling and probability method to analyze the data (Soy 2015). The aim of the researcher is to get an unbiased result through the analysis. The researcher also uses SPSS software to analyze the result. The response of the consumers, employees and managers are analyzed through SPSS tool (Pickard 2012). The response o f the respondents is categorized under different sections and heads such as age, culture, consumer choice, socio economic differences. The data is then analyzes on three components or parameters that is good, satisfactory and poor. The response and result obtained is the plotted in bar graphs, histograms and pie charts upon which a conclusion is drawn. Hence the data is analyzed in a descriptive approach. Recommendation It is recommended that the researcher should use both the qualitative and quantitative methods for the data collection and data analysis. Qualitative data is used to support the quantitative data collection method. The researcher should also use the secondary sources of data for its research. It is essential for the researcher to have knowledge of the organization, which can be evaluated by referring to the website of the company. The socio economic differences can be solved and there are mainly to main factors to solve the differences. One is the education of children. Right education by the parents has an influential impact on the society. The second component that influences the society greatly is the media (Batra et al. 2014). Media has a very great impact on the society. It can create either a positive impact or a negative impact on society. The Virgin Airline should initially analyze the socio economic problems and issues that the organization face. It is also essential to anal yze the impact of socio economic differences on the purchase decisions and then formulate strategies accordingly to solve the problem (Hirst 2013). Analyzing the background of the customers is essential to know their social background. It is also essential to know the reason for the differences in the socio economic background. Hence, the two main factors that can solve are the right education and right use of media. The managers should properly formulate the strategies so that the problems can be tackled easily (Godey et al. 2012). Hence, the researcher should expand its sample size in order to get a valid result and should use both the quantitative and qualitative data collection procedure for the analysis. Conclusion Hence, from the above analysis and research it can be concluded that the researcher will accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternate hypothesis. The researcher uses quantitative approach to collect the data and the research is described in a descriptive approach. The data is collected through questionnaires from the managers, employees and consumers of Virgin Airlines through interview method and online survey. Various social factors and economic factors affect the purchase decision of consumers. The various social factors that affect the purchasing decision of consumers for Virgin airline are income of the family, social status, lifestyle, consumer preferences, consumer attitude and education. The economic factors that affect the purchasing decision of consumers are price of the product, income of the consumers, purchasing power, interest rates and other economic factors. The differences in the socio economic factors have a negative impact on the purchasing decisions and it greatly affects the consumer choice. The differences lead to a fall in the sale of services that should be handled effectively the managers of the organization. Hence, it is essential to keep the workplace free from socio economic differences in order for success of the business. A socio-economic difference leads to religious riots which is harmful for the organization. Hence, the researcher uses quantitative approach for data collection method because it is less time consuming and more cost effective as compared to the qualitative data collection method. References Batra, R., Ramaswamy, V., Alden, D.L., Steenkamp, J.B.E. and Ramachander, S., 2014. Effects of brand local and non-local origin on consumer attitudes in developing countries.Journal of consumer psychology,9, pp.83-95. Blum, M., 2013. War, food rationing, and socioeconomic inequality in Germany during the First World War.The Economic History Review,66(4), pp.1063-1083. Blum, M., 2013. War, food rationing, and socioeconomic inequality in Germany during the First World War.The Economic History Review,66(4), pp.1063-1083. Bryman, A., 2015.Social research methods. Oxford university press. Chitnis, M., Sorrell, S., Druckman, A., Firth, S.K. and Jackson, T., 2014. Who rebounds most? Estimating direct and indirect rebound effects for different UK socioeconomic groups.Ecological Economics,106, pp.12-32. Creswell, J.W., 2013.Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Dinsa, G.D., Goryakin, Y., Fumagalli, E. and Suhrcke, M., 2012. Obesity and socioeconomic status in developing countries: a systematic review.Obesity reviews,13(11), pp.1067-1079. Galama, T.J. and Van Kippersluis, H., 2015. A theory of socioeconomic disparities in health over the life cycle.CESR-Schaeffer Working Paper, (2015-016). Godey, B., Pederzoli, D., Aiello, G., Donvito, R., Chan, P., Oh, H., Singh, R., Skorobogatykh, I.I., Tsuchiya, J. and Weitz, B., 2012. Brand and country-of-origin effect on consumers' decision to purchase luxury products.Journal of Business Research,65(10), pp.1461-1470. Handbury, J., Rahkovsky, I. and Schnell, M., 2015.What drives nutritional disparities? Retail access and food purchases across the socioeconomic spectrum(No. w21126). National Bureau of Economic Research. Hirst, P., 2013.Associative democracy: New forms of economic and social governance. John Wiley Sons. Howe, L.D., Galobardes, B., Matijasevich, A., Gordon, D., Johnston, D., Onwujekwe, O., Patel, R., Webb, E.A., Lawlor, D.A. and Hargreaves, J.R., 2012. Measuring socio-economic position for epidemiological studies in low-and middle-income countries: a methods of measurement in epidemiology paper.International journal of epidemiology, p.dys037. Mertens, D.M., 2014.Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Sage publications. Pechey, R., Jebb, S.A., Kelly, M.P., Almiron-Roig, E., Conde, S., Nakamura, R., Shemilt, I., Suhrcke, M. and Marteau, T.M., 2013. Socioeconomic differences in purchases of more vs. less healthy foods and beverages: analysis of over 25,000 British households in 2010.Social Science Medicine,92, pp.22-26. Pickard, A., 2012.Research methods in information. Facet publishing. Pickett, K.E. and Wilkinson, R.G., 2015. The ethical and policy implications of research on income inequality and child well-being.Pediatrics,135(Supplement 2), pp.S39-S47. Saaty, T.L. and Vargas, L.G., 2013.Decision making with the analytic network process: economic, political, social and technological applications with benefits, opportunities, costs and risks(Vol. 195). Springer Science Business Media. Soy, S., 2015. The case study as a research method. Vijayanand, S., 2012. Socio-economic impacts in pilgrimage tourism.Zenith International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research,2(1), pp.329-343. Weber, M., 2015.On the methodology of the social sciences. Lulu Press, Inc.

Dubai Airport Free Zone

Introduction The purpose of this paper is three-fold. First, the paper seeks to establish when the Dubai Airport Free Zones was established, and the main objective behind the establishment of the Free Zones. Secondly, the paper will highlight the contribution of Dubai Airport Free Zone to UAE’s economy, and then outline some of the advantages of Dubai Airport Free Zones. Finally, it will provide a comprehensive discussion on how this project promotes business in the UAE.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Dubai Airport Free Zone specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discussion According to World Trade Organization, the emergence of foreign investment, as well as globalization of trade in the last few decades has considerably exposed nations to competitive pressures present in the global economy. The worldwide trading rules that are stipulated by WTO provide economies with new opportunities, and precipitous challe nges, as well. For national economies to succeed in such a competitive environment they need to pursue trade integration. One of the foremost instruments used in trade integration is the establishment of Free Trade Zones. When peace prevails among nations development will be registered in terms of smooth trade among nations and the citizens of different countries are free to exercise their knowledge and skills towards nation building. In the year 1966, the government of Dubai adopted a strategic plan to aid in advancing economic growth. The government objective was to create an economy that is investment driven. In the plan, the government established Dubai Airport Free zone. In UAE, Dubai Airport Free Zone is the greatest free zone since it harbours more than 1500 companies from various sectors. The industries that have established subsidiaries in the zone include aviation, manufacturing, ornaments and cosmetics, information technology, logistics and freights. In order to attract n ew and potential investors in the zone, the government provided an attractive package for international investors. The incentives include tax havens, quick approval procedures, extended leases, abundant and inexpensive energy, full repatriation of profits and capital, no currency restrictions, and 100 percent foreign ownership. The zone is situated in a strategic area with state of the art facilities such as infrastructure. The Dubai Airport Free Zone borders Dubai International Airport making export of the products and import of raw materials to be utilized in the zone cost effective. Dubai Airport Free Zone was ranked the best in Middle East and second best in the world by FDI magazine. The modern facilities that are provided in the zone include office units, light industrial units, land sites, and other services.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Contribution to the UAEâ⠂¬â„¢s economy In the year 2010, Dubai Airport Free zone contributed significantly in the trade volume. The zone generated approximately AED52 billion to the total trade revenue of the government. In addition, the zone contributes 6 percent of total exports amounting to AED21.652 billion. In reference to imports, Dubai Airport Free Zone demanded 5.6 percent of the total imports representing AED30.64 billion. This indicates the commitment of the zone towards boosting local economy, and attracting foreign direct investment through creation of a business-enabling environment. The attraction of giant multinational companies in the country is a source of revenue to the government, and at the same time household income for Dubai residents. The strategy adopted by the government of Dubai act as a stimulus package that triggers growth momentum in different sectors of the economy. The momentum is evident both locally and regionally. Dubai Airport Free Zones (DAFZ) is an economic pillar that enhances economic performance through creation of employment, attraction of FDI (Foreign Direct Investment), and transfer of new technologies into the country. The different free zones in UAE contribute significantly to the nation’s non-oil exports and as such rank UAE as the third most significant re-export destination in the globe. The UAE Free Zones facilitates economic diversification through attraction of foreign investors that engage in different activities, and reduce the country’s dependence on oil, while employing nationals of the country. Furthermore, not only will Free Zones prove to be a momentum of diversification, but it will also change the face of economic doings in UAE. The creation of employment among nationals will lead to an increase in disposal income; hence facilitating effective aggregate demand. The purchasing power of the locals will be improved, and as such, the region will witness economic growth and prosperity. Moreover, Dubai Airport Free Z ones (DAFZ) promotes innovation and entrepreneurship through DEC that facilitates business incubation. Dubai Enterprise Centre facilitates initiation, development, and management of business; hence, the business ventures grow into strong and successful enterprises that significantly contribute to the national development of the region.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Dubai Airport Free Zone specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The initiative seeks to retain talent and expertise in UAE, and continue to accelerate a robust economy through innovation and entrepreneurship. Business incubation provided by DEC enhances business survival in the critical business lifecycle stage. Therefore, the growth of new and competitive businesses in UAE strengthens economic growth and development. Advantages of the Dubai Airport Free Zone (ADFZ) The proximity to the Airport has provided a pivotal role for handling cargo and transit of goods making it the most efficient and effective free zones. This facilitates cost effective business operations and execution. As a result, companies can export their products, and import raw materials with minimal cost; hence attaining economies of scale. The other advantage of DAFZ is that it is a tax-free zone. The companies established in the zones enjoy tax havens in relation to their imports and exports. The government also exempt taxes on personal income, and again, there is free transfer of profits and capital to home country. This is also coupled with an option to use any currency without legal restrictions. The other benefits accrued include; subsidized annual trade license fees, registration are at less competitive charges to investors in FZE. It gives foreign investors a reason to make it a business hub worth investing in, and making it a business destination. Furthermore, it minimizes the start-up cost for new investors; lowering the cost of doing business and attract ing potential foreign investors in the region. The zone is creating specifically for establishment of companies that will facilitate diversification in the economy. The companies will also employ the nationals of UAE; hence absorbing graduates and professionals of UAE. This will limit brain drain to other developed nations, and as such beneficial in terms of expertise and skills development. Companies established in Free Zones enjoy a competent customer service, as well as employing labour that they find suitable. Investors get assist from DAFZ in relation to visa processing for foreign employees and their families. There is also a wide range of services such as banking that are available to foreign investors. DAFZ promotes business in the UAE Businesses in Dubai have access to technology parks that facilitate transfer of new technologies and information handling. Information technology is the lifeblood for a competitive business entity. Technology, especially improvement in technol ogy helps the organization through ensuring the effective management processes and strategies. In addition, information technology helps in facilitating quick decision making in the organization.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The technological aspect in business is indispensable and necessary for the accomplishment of the specified objectives. The modern business environment necessitates that organization structures should respond to the ever-changing needs of the business environment. As a result, organization structures are classified as team-based, network, and specialized. These structures ensured that organizations respond to the customer demands of flexibility, speed, quality, and efficiency. With growing desire of businesses to undertake massive investment, in future the knowledge of the ingredients of a business environment that is conducive such as globalization can be learned and enhanced through information technology. The concept has not only benefited countries but also individual firms through quality service, a wide range of products and expertise brought about by competition. Each country will be fighting out for a share in the world market. The quality and uniqueness of its products matt ers for it to withstand in the market. With the changing customer and organizational needs, training of the workforce has become necessary in any organizational setting. Dubai knowledge village facilitate training which entails an increase in the wealth of knowledge and skills. Training will help the foreign companies to bridge the gap between job requirements and the present competence of the employee. In addition, it will augment the behaviour and performance of an employee. Training in organization aims at growing competence and skills within an organization in order that as far as possible its prospect needs for the labour force can be met internally. Dubai outsourcing zone ensures that businesses gain a chunk of benefits and performance from outsourcing, but as it is evident outsourcing has both positive and negative impacts. The business objective of improving efficiency in production as well as attaining competitiveness in the global market has been attained through outsourci ng. The mechanism for monitoring the strategy ensured that progress is geared towards the attainment of organizational goals and establishing whether the changes in the external environment will necessitate any change of strategy. Plans and actions should be modified to facilitate accommodation of the changes in the operating environment. Conclusion Dubai Airport Free Zones plays a pivotal role as a pillar for economic growth and development. The Free Zones contribute significantly in the regional development of UAE. The zone strives to accommodate the needs of both the investors and employees. The incorporation of information technology in the management of the activities of the business operations is crucial in ensuring effective management in the organization. The current business world lays the ground for the establishment of an organization that is dynamic and accommodative. The organizational structures adapted should be information technology responsive and applicable in a we ll-managed environment. In addition, other strategic policies include development planning and protection of rights of property. The government should be in the front line in championing planning and equitable distribution of its resources. Through planning, the government will be in a position of realizing economic growth and development. The presence of a straightforward policy regarding property rights will boost foreign investment in the country that adds to the capital accumulation of the nation. Capital accumulation is important to economic development. This report on Dubai Airport Free Zone was written and submitted by user Ryleigh R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Cold War Essay Topics, Questions, and Ideas with BestEssay.education

Cold War Essay Topics, Questions, and Ideas with Cold War Essay The cold war was a long period of extreme political tensions between Russia and its Warsaw Pact Allies, and the United States and its Nato Allies. Historians disagree about the exact years of the Cold war, but most agree that it started shortly after the end of World War II and Ended around 1991. It is referred to as the Cold War because there were never any direct military conflicts between the United States and Russia. There were however, wars and other military actions that occurred during the cold war period that were a direct result of these political and military tensions. Because The Cold War went on for so long, and because so many events happened during this time period, there are literally hundreds of potential essay topics. However, this doesn’t mean that choosing a topic for your cold war essay is going to be easy. For example, do you want to focus on the events leading up to the cold war (causes of the cold war), events that occurred during the cold war, or the ev ents that happened after the cold war was over. In order to help you decide, we have compiled a list of potential essay ideas for you to use. Please feel free to use any of the following topics. Sample Cold War Essay Questions and Prompts What role did the Soviet Union Play in causing tensions between the USSR and the United States What role did the United States play in causing tensions between the United States and Russia How did the Cold War cause the Vietnam War? How did the Cold War cause the Korean War? Describe the lasting impact that Cold War on North Koreans How did the Cuban Revolution impact the development of the Cold War? Explain the Domino Theory What was the cultural impact of the reunification of Germany How did the Cold War impact pop culture in the 1980s What were the causes and effects of the Red Scare How did the Cold War impact the space race? Explain Containment Does Ronald Reagan receive too much credit for the end of the Cold War? Write an analysis of the Cold War and the arming of Middle East extremists today Who started the Cold War? Detail the influence of the Cold War on the nuclear arms race Were there any nations that were negatively impacted by the end of the cold war? These are only a small portion of the potential essay topics that one could explore when writing about The Cold War. However, we do believe that these are some excellent ideas that will serve most students very well. As always, has many writers on our staff who are experts in history and foreign policy. In the event that you need help with your essay, please feel free to contact us for help. We can get your Cold War essay finished quickly and you can review and download your essay online.

EPIC - DSS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EPIC - DSS - Research Paper Example The evaluation process will assist in determining the probability and effectiveness of EPIC-DSS. Apart from this, the evaluation process will also help to determine the benefits of implementing DSS in case of business decision making or structuring reports (Louw, 2002). The implementation of DSS has acted as solution to the management in order to increase the effectiveness of decision making process for better effectiveness and efficiency. It has secured the business operations as well as reduced the cost of business operation for the future endeavors. Moreover, it has advanced the business processes and improved an organizations competitive advantage by ensuring facilities in case of production, promotion, pricing, marketing and some logistical functions (Louw, 2002). On the contrary, it also helps to make decisions in case of nursing and clinical purpose. It helps in delegating responsibilities to the people so that the organisation is managed efficiently. The proposed research, aims to evaluate the benefits of EPIC-DSS after implementing DSS. The evaluation approach will review the quality of the decision making in case of various business activities. Apart from this, it will also determine the cost involvement in the EPIC-DSS process to increase the effectiveness of business. Moreover, it will help to identify the improvement of an organization in terms of competitive advantage. Through the evaluation approach it will be possible to identify the effectiveness of the DSS. Beside, this it will also help to determine the advancement of business processes due to the implementation of EPIC-DSS in the management (Louw, 2002). The results of evaluation will help to understand the benefits and threats of EPIC-DSS in case of business activities. Moreover, the result of evaluation will help to take precautions before using the EPIC-DSS in case business activities are

Online Alternative Dispute Resolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Online Alternative Dispute Resolution - Essay Example Dispute resolution is the process of resolving disputes between parties, and there are various methods of dispute resolution, which includes such things as: lawsuits (litigation), arbitration, mediation, conciliation, as well as many types of negotiation. Dispute resolution processes fall into two major types: adjudicative processes, such as litigation or arbitration, in which a judge, jury or arbitrator determines the outcome; and consensual processes, such as mediation, conciliation, or negotiation, in which the parties attempt to reach agreement. Some use the term dispute resolution to refer only to alternative dispute resolution (ADR); of which generally depends on agreement by the parties to use ADR processes, either before or after a dispute has arisen. However, dispute resolution can also take place online by using technology in certain cases. Online Dispute Resolution, a growing field of dispute resolution, uses new technologies to solve disputes. It also involves the applica tion of traditional dispute resolution methods to disputes which arise online.1 There are a vast array of factors, elements, and subordinated issues in this subject matter, and in order to come to a clearer and more knowledgeable understanding on this issue, the following questions must be addressed: 1. What is the definition and scope of application in regards to Online Dispute Resolution 2. What is the importance of the rise of Online Dispute Resolution 3. What are the similarities and differences between Online Dispute Resolution and Alternative Dispute Resolution 4. What are some problems affecting efficiency in regards to Online Dispute Resolution in the shadow of the law 5. What are some problems affecting efficiency in regards to the trust mechanism in the online environment By thoroughly discussing these five questions, we can come to a more intellectual and critical point of view on the subject matter at hand. The aim of this paper is to discuss all of this, as well as any and all key elements and factors in relation to this. This is what will be dissertated in the following. What is the Definition and Scope of Application in Regards to Online Dispute Resolution Online Dispute Resolution is a branch of dispute resolution which uses specific technology in order to facilitate the resolution of disputes between parties. It primarily involves negotiation, mediation or arbitration, or a combination of all three. In this respect it is often seen as being the online equivalent of Alternative dispute resolution (ADR). However, ODR can also augment these traditional means of resolving disputes by applying innovative techniques and online technologies to the process.2 Online Dispute Resolution can take place either entirely or simply partly online and primarily concerns two types of disputes: those that arise in cyberspace and those that arise offline. As Internet usage continues to expand, it has become increasingly necessary to design efficient mechanisms for resolving Internet disputes because traditional mechanisms, such as

Marketing Segmentation Essay Example for Free

Marketing Segmentation Essay 1. Geographical segmentation: The market is divided according to geographic criteria like nation, state, religion, countries etc. Geographic data create accurate profile of specific. For eg: in rainy season sells rainy clothes (like raincoat, umbrella etc) 2. Demographic segmentation: it divide to the market into groups according to variable in age, family, gender, size of family, income of the consumers etc 3. Psychographic segmentation: It is a science which use in better understands all consumers according to their life style, personality, value and social-class. I am doing job in Bajaj Company, after this company has monopolised in almost all field either in the field of manufacturing bikes or bulb, tube light etc. Earlier, the customers were not fond of verities because there were not too many verities in the market and less competitions, but, in present time a huge competition has been taken place that for survive in the market every companies should be update with their products, otherwise rival companies will lead them. If we talk about the bike fashion we see that our youngsters like those bikes which must not be strong in pickup (60 km/h with few minutes) as well as good looking means it looks different from others, besides this, old agers want those bikes which run comfortably that they ride normally, to keep this in their mind all companies like hero Honda release many bikes like Hero stunner, CBZ, Karizma for young generations. While, for old agers they released Slender, Passion, CD dawn etc, in same pattern Yamaha release Yamaha R15 which cost is almost Rs. 15,000 in present time, but give a good look which attract the customers. So, after much research on these companies, Bajaj Company wants to release such bike series which is not only for young as well as senior can use it, so this company manufactured lots of bikes Pulsar and discover series for youngsters which not only good looking but also having that price which every customers can afford and easily buy the products and it also give good mileage than others companies bike, and from the point of view senior, whose ages is 40 years and above, they release Platina with self start facilities which is easy in riding. By all these information I want to describe that Bajaj Company segmented it products in various categories according to customers’ demand that’s why this company is going extremely good and successful in satisfied to consumers. If we talking about bulb, tube lights, this company manufactured the bulbs, CFLs, tube lights which not give perfect light but also take few electricity and go long times. Especially CFLs which cost are high but it work beyond one years and it takes less electricity and give light so much as a 40 watt tube light gives. There are many designs of CFLs has been released in the market which selling is more than bulbs and tube lights. So according to customer’s choice and willing Bajaj Company put down stylish CFLs in the market which attract consumers with its designs but also reduce the electric bill of customers and supplies good light over all houses. So like this the company segmented it electric accessories in various styles, according to customers willing and choice. Marketing Plan Marketing plan is a marketing strategy which involves marketing plans for a firm’s marketing activities. Marketing planning process is process of business planning; in marketing plan all the firm’s keep an eye on all marketing activities as well as competitors and they also come to know the view of the customers about their products like they are satisfied with their products or not, if not, know the reason of disliking and what they want improve in the products etc, because satisfaction of consumers is very important, after all whole marketing processes and successes are depend only upon customers. They are the important part of business. For e. g. if we talking about auto mobile all companies like Hero Honda, Yamaha, Bajaj etc, manufactured ordinary bikes( like Hero Honda released CD 100 later Splendour , Yamaha CX 100 and Bajaj released scooters and later Bajaj Boxer) but, there were some problems and deficiency took place in the bikes like the capacity of the engine was not good that was giving low mileage, pick up was ordinary and ordinary looks etc, after looking and analysing all problems of customers all companies manufactured those bikes which are giving good mileage, capacity of engine is very good and all are stylish as customers wanted. For e. g. :- Bajaj released discover series, pulsar series, Hero Honda released Passion, Passion plus, CBZ, Karizma etc, Yamaha released Yamaha R15 (but it is too costly), TVS manufactured Apache etc. Beside these, all companies also release scooty for college going girls. Because they knew that all ladies can’t ride the bikes that’s why to keep in mind the facilities of girls they produced scooty which is very light with self start facilities, without gears. These products became very popular among the girls, not girls even boy also taking ride of the scooty many times. Like this all companies conduct a SWOT (strengths, weakness, opportunities, threats) means they research on the behaviour, likes, dislikes, what are the deficiencies in the product, what else and what new their customers want in their products and what other companies provided to customers and do better than them.

Agressive Personality Essay -- Psychology

Essay question #1 Cognition is the mental process of gaining knowledge through thinking, judging and solving problems. Cognition functions to provide human beings with the ability to use language, make perceptions, use the imagination and make decisions. These thought processes play a significant role in personality development. Both biological and environmental factors have been linked to cognition. Biological factors include our genetic makeup and hereditary factors. Genetic makeup determines the physical characteristics of eye color, hair color. Hereditary factors are those traits that are transferred from parents and blood relations. These inherited traits determine temperament of human beings. Both the biological traits of genetics and inheritance play a major role in how human beings perceive themselves and how others interact with them. This cognitive perception of self and others is believed to help determine one’s personality. Environmental factors include how a human being i s raised and how outside influences such as school, church, relationships and society shape their cognitive processes. An example of the relationship between cognition and personality would be of a child born of two different races. Physical characteristics are likely to be different with mixed races causing the child to perceive themselves as abnormal, thus leading to antisocial or introverted personality traits. Essay question #2 The aggressive personality is defined as an â€Å"individual’s whose overall style of interacting involves considerable, persistent, maladaptive aggression† (counselingresource.com). Evolutionary, biological and environmental factors are contributing components of the aggressive personality. Human beings ... ...sachusetts: Allyn And Bacon. Cloninger, S. C. (2008). Theories of Personality Understanding Persons.. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. (Original work published 1996). CounsellingResource.com.CounsellingResource.com – Psychology, Therapy & Mental Health Resources. Retrieved December 6, 2011, from http://counsellingresource.com/features/2008/11/03/aggressive-personalities/ Friedman, H. S., & Schustack, M. W. (2006). Personality: classic theories and modern research. Needham Heights: Allyn And Bacon. (Original work published 1999) Simon, PhD, D. G. (2008, November 7). Understanding the Aggressive Personalities | CounsellingResource.com.CounsellingResource.com – Psychology, Therapy & Mental Health Resources. Retrieved December 6, 2011, from http://counsellingresource.com/features/2008/11/03/aggressive-personalities

Electronic media Of Pakistan

1. What is electronic media? â€Å"Electronic Media† are those communication mediums which are based on electronic or electromechanical means of production and most often distinguished from print media. The primary electronic media sources familiar to the general public worldwide include radio, sound recordings, television, video recording and streaming internet content† . It denotes, â€Å"the main means of communicating with large number of people, especially television, radio, internet and satellite†. The electronic media have four basic functions; to inform, entertain, educate and influence the public opinion.The 20th century can be termed as the century of communication. The main mean of mass communication grew in succession as the century unfolded. Motion pictures arrived on scene in the first decade of this century. Regular radio broadcasts started in 1920s. Television entered the arena in 1940s, followed by cable television in 1950s, and satellite televisi on in 1970s. Lastly the personal computer gave access to Internet in 1980s. It transformed the interconnected computer networks through World Wide Web by the 1990s. . 2 Influence of electronic mediaIn the last 50 years the media influence has grown significantly with the advance of technology, first there was the telegraph, then the radio, the newspaper, magazines, television and now the internet. We live in a society that depends on information and communication to keep moving in the right direction and do our daily activities like work, entertainment, health care, education, personal relationships, travelling and anything else that we have to do. â€Å"What we need to be aware is that most of our decisions, beliefs and values are based on what we know for a fact, our assumptions and our own experience.In our work we usually know what we have to do base on our experience and studies, however on our daily lives we rely on the media to get the current news and facts about what is im portant and what we should be aware of. † We have put our trust on the media as an authority to give us news, entertainment and education. However, the influence of mass media on our kids, teenagers and society is so big that we should know how it really works. . The electronic media has touched every sphere of the human aspect. In the present times, information and technology are interwoven with the society’s economic progress.The evolution of electronic media has had an overwhelming impact on the society. The Opportunities of communication have broken all barriers across national boundaries and have led to the germination of new ideas through the cross pollination of cultures. Electronic information has had a positive impact in the promotion of various social regimes. . 1. 3 Functions of electronic media. The primary functions of electronic media are; to inform, educate, influence and entertain. This means of communication has maximum size of audience, its reach, cove rage and effectiveness of its impact is increasing.Following is a brief description of some of the functions of the electronic media:- To Provide Information. The provision of reliable verifiable; adequate and complete information is one of the primary functions of the electronic media, objectivity is expected in arranging information for the population. To Provide Education . The electronic media can become a powerful and economical tool for education and has a great potential if used imaginatively and with vision. The media can also be used to raise awareness and educate the masses to overcome various social problems and development of civic sense. .To Influence Public Opinion. The revolution in information technology and potential of media to influence and analyze various national and international issues, suggest various options, weigh the best option to arrive at the correct solutions to guide their audience. To Entertain. The electronic media can cater for a wide range of ente rtainments for tastes and requirements of almost all the segments of the society. 1. 4 Growth of electronic media in Pakistan The electronic media in Pakistan has made rapid progress. Only three or four decades ago, radio and state owned TV was considered to be the main sources of information.Today, we have more than 77 Satellite TV Channels, 2346 cable operators, 28 landing TV Channels from abroad like BBC, CNN, Sky, Star etc. and more than 129 FM Stations(on air and in some cases licences issued) including 46 Radio Channels. The investment this year is expected US$ 1. 5 billion. Total investment in this sector is US$ 2. 5 billion. The new jobs likely to be created are 150000. The indirect employment is 7 million. The advertisement market in 2008 was US$ 431 Million and in 2009 it was estimated as US$ 691 million.This growth has made available more knowledge and up to date information in all spheres of life to the general public. TV started its test transmissions in 1964. Pakistan Television Corporation was incorporated as a joint stock company in 1967 and in 1984 it was converted into a corporation under the Companies Ordinance. PTV has been a great source of entertainment. TV has also effectively disseminated information on a variety of subjects to its viewers. However, the objectives set out for PTV at the time of its inception were:- †¢ Instruction and enlightenment.†¢ Enrichment of knowledge and information. †¢ Wholesome entertainment. †¢ Promotion of national outlook and integration. †¢ Presentation of news in a fair, objective, factual manner free from deception by implication and omission. 1. 5 Types of electronic media Radio. In Pakistan like other developing countries, radio is the major source of information and entertainment due to its reach to the far flung areas and being relatively economical. Broadcasts carry news, analyses, commentaries and advertisements. This medium, however, is losing attraction in the public. Tele vision.TV due to its potentials to offer a greater variety than other elements of electronic media has become the strongest form of media to perform all four functions, i. e. information, education, influence and entertainment. Internet. Internet is the latest addition into the elements of medium of electronic communication. It is swiftly bringing a historic shift in the dynamics and profile of the global information sector. The medium also provides instant access to the largest data bases and archives of information around the world. 1. 6 The media and the ground realitiesThe most critical obligation of electronic media is to act as the custodian of the facts. There are certain realities and electronic media’s mindset and peculiarities, which to some extent are universal. The electronic media is a business, a billion dollar industry and thus its primary motive remains to earn money and not harmonize the society. Due to intense competition in the field of electronic media ind ustry, media has to be competitive; to be â€Å"Exclusive and First†. The electronic media often looks for controversy, sensationalism and negative news to make headlines.In some cases the electronic media feels that it has the right to interpret what is good or bad for society using its own standards. The electronic Media was primarily and popularly used by our previous regimes as tool of self propaganda, the quality of news poor, unreliable and un-imaginative presentation of events and stories, ultimately losing the confidence of general public. Introduction of Satellite TV, Cable and Private Channels and Dish widened the scope of awareness of people. The Government of Pakistan realized the sensitivity and potential of private electronic media which could not be avoided through State controlled TV only.The governmental policies regarding electronic media took a different direction, to regulate this sector. 1. 7 Pakistan electronic media regulatory authority The objective of PEMRA was to regulate the electronic media i. e. Radio and TV. This was necessitated by the decision to allow a large number of private TV and radio channels. The Ordinance also gives a Code of Conduct for media broadcasters/ cable TV operators. â€Å"This Regulatory Body was established under the PEMRA Ordinance 2002, having the following goals in mind† i) Improve the standards of information, education and entertainment.ii) Enlarge the choice available to the people of Pakistan in the media for news, current affairs, religious knowledge, art, culture, science, technology, economic development, social sector concerns, music, sports, drama and other subjects of public and national interest. iii) Facilitate the devolution of responsibility and power to the grass roots by improving the access of the people to mass media at the local and community level. iv) Ensure accountability, transparency and good governance by optimization of the free flow of information. . ChallengesIn a democratic country like Pakistan where freedom of speech and expression is guaranteed to every citizen by the Constitution. This fundamental right has to be exercised by all with due care to ensure that it may not incite violence, terrorism, racial, ethnic or religious discrimination, sectarianism, extremism, militancy, hatred, pornography, obscenity, vulgarity or anything offensive to the commonly accepted standards of decency. Similarly, the sanctity of national institutions needs to be respected at all costs. In this regard, PEMRA has formulated a Code of Conduct for the broadcasters.However, the concept of Self-Regulation is promoted to encourage the broadcasters to formulate the rules of the game, themselves. . SECTION-2 FAULT LINES IN NATIONAL COHESION AND INTEGRATION 2. 1 What is National Integration? The concept of National Integration is subject to a wide range of interpretations. However, two definitions which catch the essential spirit of the concept include, â€Å"The creation of a National Political System which supersedes or incorporates all the regional sub-cultures† , and the creation of a â€Å"Common national consciousness, a common national consensus and a common national identity† .These two definitions appear adequate for working purposes as they underline both the political as well as the socio-cultural ingredients of the process of integration. National cohesion refers to the bonds or â€Å"glue† that binds members of society, community or other groups together. The most obvious bonds are ideological, ethnic, linguistic, religious, cultural and historic. However, the homogeneity of a nation is no guarantee of successfully bonding together as a cohesive whole. â€Å"The extent of the threat posed to the integrity of a state by the multiplicity of languages, races, religions etc., depends on a variety of factors but there are basically two requisites (conflict of ideology and economic decline) which must be present b efore a country may be deemed to be faced with a problem of national disunity. † The Pakistani society is in transition, and it faces challenges but still the national interest is to make Pakistan as a unity-in-diversity and there is an ever-growing need to develop a harmonious society. â€Å"The balance sheet of social changes in Pakistani society over the past half century has both cost and benefits.Pakistani society has split into class-cum-lifestyle segments. Its social institutions do not dovetail into each other; instead fissures of institutional lag run through them. Its cohesiveness has given way to the fragmentation and the erosion of value and moral consensus†. 2. 2 Fault Lines in National Cohesion and Integration in Pakistan Integration or cohesion is an ideal, â€Å"it is not a thing but a process. It is dynamism ruled by an inner necessity, being guided in a direction chosen by itself as a goal or rather a series of goals leading to a certain direction â⠂¬ .National integration and social cohesion is the capacity of a society to ensure the welfare of its all members, minimize disparities and avoid polarization. A cohesive society is mutually supportive community of free individuals, pursuing these common goals by democratic means. National integration and social cohesion is at risk in Pakistan because of many impeding factors, which originate within the country or influenced by external reasons. It may also be a complex outcome of interaction between the country forces and stresses and influences of global scenario.The socio-political factors and socio-economic factors as listed below have contributed to cause fault lines in national cohesion and integration. 2. 3 Socio-Political Factors Intolerance and near absence of civic responsibility, now manifested in our society is indeed the outcome of a hierarchical structure and social barriers, further and enforced by policy approaches in the 80s. Politicizing of religion and language is one major source of fractionalization. â€Å"Presently, the culture and society of Pakistan are in the grip of an unprecedented upheaval.In the post 9/11 world, the political, religious, and the social dynamics in Pakistan have been under major internal transformation and intense international scrutiny. Ethnic and sectarian violence which ravaged the country for the last two decades has sharply polarized the society. Various Islamic religious groups jostle violently for power. Religious faith, usually a matter of personal redemption, is flagrantly flaunted and a stunning lack of tolerance for difference increasingly defines Pakistani society. † Constitutional Crisis.The non-agreement and lack of consensus on various revisions and amendments in 1973 constitution remained a contentious issue among the federating units since long. The delayed process of reconciliation and agreement, on this only document to govern the state is a serious threat to national cohesion and integra tion. Provincialism. Imbedded strides of sub national identities engraved into the fabric of the provinces pose an existential threat to national cohesion. This issue is even more pronounced in case of smaller provinces like Khyber Pukhtunwa and Balochistan.Identity crisis prevailing with in the provinces is tarnishing the very physiology of democracy in essence and in dispensation at National level. There are contradictions between national and provincial interests, particularly in matte relating to language, ethnicity, identity, and power. There are small Political groups and movements agitating for their rights, including Baloch issue. Nevertheless, such provincial or regional sentiments swirl within the national cultural pool. Sectarian Intolerance. The division of society on the basis of sects, tribes, colour and creed gives rise to intolerance towards other sects.The violence on sectarianism basis is on the rise. The religious intolerance and extremism, and over emphasis on re ligious identities due to that Pakistani society is facing continuous challenge of terrorism in the name of religion and belief. Political Process and Direction. The directionless political system rarely delivers to the satisfaction of voters. Various derivations of political process have no regard for national objectives and national interests and efforts for achievement of these goals for the country are hardly visible. The political system as a whole is driven by conflicting vested interests.The political parties lack democratic norms in their rank and file. Leadership Style and Direction. The political leadership as a whole has failed to satisfy the masses. The trust deficit between the leadership and the people has widened, and is increasing with the passage of time. The social and political positions of so-called ruling elites are just a symbol of false pride without much regard for vision and justice. Non-State Actors. Unorganized political parties have increased the influenc e of non-state actors in national politics, thereby vested interests are perpetuated, at the cost of national interests.Challenges to the Writ of the Government. The manifestation of this divide is the challenge to the writ of the State in FATA and Malakand Division where state infrastructure of governance has been uprooted, the power elite has been eliminated (either by murder or forced migration) new and parallel structures have been created and the application of Constitution is challenged. â€Å"The so-called Islamic fundamentalists have always been influential in the largely poor, illiterate, and rural Pakistan society.These groups represent a variety of power centres based on an array of belief systems from within Islam. Historically, none of these groups have had much success at the ballot box, but with a strong core of ‘true believers’ with blind faith and unflinching allegiance, they have often been able to display enough Street power to disrupt civil life. Si nce the war of independence in neighbouring Afghanistan in the 1980s, these religious groups have been encouraged and aided by the government of Pakistan and the US State Department.As a result they have ‘flourished and proliferated under the exhilarating notion of jihad. The border between Afghanistan and Pakistan has been porous for centuries because of the unusual terrain that facilitates traffic and a common tribal ethos that informs the lives of the bordering populace. With the rapid and fearsome Talibanization of Afghanistan and the Mullahisation of Pakistan, the borders for all practical and ideological purposes dissolved, and these processes played a vital role in the fluctuating social ethos of Pakistan.† War against Terrorism. The country is facing various challenges. The multiple threats and constant pressures are very serious since post 9/11 due to Pakistan’s commitment with West for fight against terrorism. This involvement is viewed as being done to oblige the West. The suicidal attacks and drone attacks are the result of this involvement. Feudalism / Tribalism. In Pakistan the feudal and tribal society where rights of human being are violated is a matter of concern, people are not free to express their desire to govern.In such circumstances the leadership style is power centred and feudal in character, this leadership enjoys respect because of fear, and not because of trust. â€Å"National and regional culture has, at various times, interwoven and competed with each other. In times when centralization is the ideological thrust, national themes and institutions are in the ascendancy, but when the pendulum swings toward decentralization, regional and ethnic societies and cultures reassert their autonomy.The political ideologies and movements that shift the balance between national and regional social and cultural systems are the markers of Pakistan’s social change. † Role of Madrassa. There is little control of gov ernment over madrassas in the country, these madras do pose a threat to the cohesion of the society in Pakistan, if not regulated adequately. . 2. 4. Socio – Economic Factors Socio – Economic disparities. The poverty and inflation has caused disparities in the society. The people living below the poverty line have increased in number.The unemployment and low income has caused economic imbalance in the society. The division of society and decline in socio-economic standards have adversely impacted the quality of life. Bad Governance. Undemocratic & non-participatory governance. . .The perception of governance leading to good governance is flouted; concepts of transparency and accountability are misleading in Pakistani experience. The accountability is selective and by choice, its aim is not to reform the society of negative practices, but to benefit the fittest and powerful.The people have no faith in the system of governance and accountability. Violation of Human Right s. The human rights violation is on the increase, the weaker segments of the population even do not get the rights given in the constitution and the irony remains ignorance on their part of basic rights bestowed by the constitution. â€Å"The perception of women as having a lower status at all levels is the principle barrier in the way of gender equality and is reinforced by customary practises and the laws of the land.Women education, health, labour force participation, mobility, decision making etc, all reflect the unique situation of women in Pakistan. † Personal Security Perception. The constant engagement of population in this war against terrorism has changed its perception of personal security. The people have doubts about the success of governmental policies. Loyalty towards State /individualistic behaviour. The notion of loyalty towards state is blurred, people’s expectation of justice and fair play are shattered, and therefore, their loyalty towards State is also undermined.The individualism has replaced collectivism; the bigger societal group is vanished. The conflicts of values, beliefs, and other sociological imbalances has damaged the national fabric and has caused segmentation on the basis of caste and class Justice and Rule of law. The justice is uncertain; the rules of game are settled by abuse of power. The respect for justice is linked with status and position of the seeker. The attitude towards Rule of Law is very negative, law breaking is considered as a pride for the powerful.Due to delayed justice people have lost hope in the system to get justice. Violence against Women and minorities â€Å"Many Analysts are in agreement that women’s poor status as well as poverty is rooted in social and cultural organization of society†. The rights of the women are abused, and such abuse is referred to the culture and customs and here- say, this victimization is devoid of any ideological, religious and legal and Constitution al basis. The religious minorities are threatened and do face violence at their religious places, thereby show concern of threat and personal security.â€Å"Empowering women is a challenge, requires changes in the existing class and caste based structure and it needs a focused and active public delivery system to ensure that resources and opportunities earmarked for women reach them† Mistrust in Criminal Justice System. The people do not have trust in criminal justice system, and lack of trust generates uncertainty and confusion in the society. â€Å"In Pakistani society, the judiciary plays a pivotal role in articulating and enforcing rules of conduct for its citizens. The judiciary derives its legitimacy and power from the constitution. †